56 下列何種藥物是經由抑制muscarinic receptor而達到治療尿失禁的作用？

Pirenzepine Oxybutynin Tropicamide Clidinium

oxybutynin

Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Lyrinel XL) is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder.^[1] It competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It also has direct spasmolytic effects on bladder smooth muscle as a calcium antagonistand local anesthetic, but at concentrations far above those used clinically. It is available orally in generic formulation and as the brand-names Ditropan and Lyrinel XL, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique. Also Ditrospam by Avenzor Syria.

Oxybutynin is also a possible treatment of hyperhidrosis, or hyper-active sweating.

Tropicamide is a parasympatholytic that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia^[1]when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina. Due to its relatively short duration of effect (4–8 hours), it is typically used during eye examinations such as the dilated fundus examination, but it may also be used before or after eye surgery. Cycloplegic drops are often also used to treat anterior uveitis, decreasing risk of posterior synechiae and decreasing inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin) is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm. It is in a class of drugs known as muscarinic receptor antagonists - acetylcholine being the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system which initiates the rest-and-digest state (as opposed to fight-or-flight), the result being an increase in gastric motility and digestion. It has no effects on the brain and spinal cord as it cannot diffuse through the blood-brain barrier.

Pirenzepine has been investigated for use in myopia control.

Clidinium bromide (INN) is an anticholinergic drug. It may help symptoms of cramping and abdominal/stomach pain by decreasing stomach acid, and slowing the intestines. It is commonly prescribed in combination withchlordiazepoxide (a benzodiazepam derivative) using the brand name Librax.