NOTE THE ASSOCIATION OF ADDUCTOR HIATUS WITH ADDUCTOR MAGNUS

NOTE THE LIGAMENT HEAD OF FEMUR CONNECTION THE FEMUR TO THE ACETABULUM

陰道穹窿: VAGINAL FORNIX

PUDENTAL CANALA

The pudendal canal is formed by the obturator internus fascia.

It encloses the following:

• Internal pudendal artery
• Internal pudendal veins
• Pudendal nerve

These vessels and nerve cross the pelvic surface of the obturator internus.

OPENING IN THE DIAPHRAGM

A commonly used mnemonic to remember the level of the diaphragmatic apertures is this: Mnemonic

• Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
• Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
• Vena cava = 8 letters = T8

opening	level	structures
caval opening	T8	inferior vena cava, and some branches of the right phrenic nerve
esophageal hiatus	T10	esophagus, the anterior and posterior vagal trunks, and some small esophageal arteries
aortic hiatus	T12	the aorta, the azygos vein, and the thoracic duct

AT RIGHT HILUM:

Impressions

On the mediastinal surface, immediately above the hilum, is an arched furrow which accommodates the azygos vein; while running upward, and then arching lateralward some little distance below the apex, is a wide groove for the superior vena cava and right innominate vein; behind this, and nearer the apex, is a furrow for the innominate artery.

Behind the hilum and the attachment of the pulmonary ligament is a vertical groove for the esophagus; this groove becomes less distinct below, owing to the inclination of the lower part of the esophagus to the left of the middle line.

In front and to the right of the lower part of the esophageal groove is a deep concavity for the extrapericardiac portion of the thoracic part of the inferior vena cava.

The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the soft palate in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. It is innervated via the pharyngeal plexus, primarily by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).

19 提.帆肌（levator veli palatini）由何神經支配？

第五顱神經第三支

第七顱神經

舌咽神經（glossopharyngeal nerve）

副神經（accessory nerve）之顱根（cranial root），轉經迷走神經（vagus nerve）

Course

The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm. There, it serves as a landmark for the division between the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, with the posterior compartment beginning just lateral to the artery. The artery winds laterally around the wrist, passing through the anatomical snuff box and between the heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. It passes anteriorly between the heads of the adductor pollicis, and becomes the deep palmar arch, which joins with the deep branch of the ulnar artery.

Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the radial vein.

Origin

short head: coracoid process of the scapula. long head:supraglenoid tubercle

30 Betz 細胞（Betz cell）位於大腦皮質的那一層？

錐狀外層（external pyramidal layer） 顆粒內層（internal granular layer）

錐狀內層（internal pyramidal layer） 分子層（molecular layer）

ANS INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL LAYER

The internal pyramidal layer (layer V) of the precentral cortex contains giant (70-100 micrometers) pyramidal neurons (a.k.a. Betz cells), which send long axons to the contralateral motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and to the lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of thespinal cord. These axons form the corticospinal tract. The Betz cells' along with their long axons are referred to as the upper motor neuron(UMN).

The hypoblast is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass.^[1] It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells.^[2]

Extraembryonic endoderm (including Yolk sac) is derived from hypoblast.

The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of thetrilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation.

NOTE: MAST CELLS WITH HEPARIN AND HISTAMINE!!!

A mast cell (also known as mastocyte and labrocyte^[1]) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich inhistamine and heparin.