for uncompetitive inhibition

for competitive inhibition

for non competitive inhibition

Methionine synthase

Methionine synthase contains the cofactor methylcobalamin (MeB₁₂) and uses the substrates N⁵-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (N⁵-mTHF) and homocysteine.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the MTR gene have been identified as the underlying cause of methylcobalamin deficiency complementation group G, or methylcobalamin deficiency cblG-type.^[1] The consequence of reduced methionine synthase activity ismegaloblastic anemia.

Graves ' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis). This is caused by autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) that activate theTSH-receptor (TSHR), thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and thyroid growth (causing a diffusely enlargedgoiter). The resulting state of hyperthyroidism can cause a dramatic constellation of neuropsychological and physical signs and symptoms

AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

Drug induced AIHA is also a rare cause of the disease. It can be caused by a number of drugs including α-methyldopa and penicillin. This is a type II immune response in which the drug binds to macromolecules on the surface of the RBC and acts as an antigen. Antibodies are produced against the RBC and lead to complement activation. Complement fragments such as C3a, C4a and C5a activate granular leukocytes (e.g. neutrophils); while other components of the system (C6, C7, C8, C9) can either form the membrane attack complex (MAC) or can bind the antibody stimulating phagocytosis by macrophages (C3b). This is one type of "penicillin allergy"

Most of the symptoms of Kartagener syndrome result from the inability of the respiratory cilia to function correctly, such as:

• Chronic sinus infection
• Frequent lung infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis
• Bronchiectasis - lung damage from frequent infections
• Frequent ear infections

甲醇(Methyl Alcohol).