NOTE THE SITE OF DECUSATION

The crossed extensor reflex is a withdrawal reflex.

8 由交感神經末梢分泌之Norepinephrine，主要由何種機制將它從突觸間隙清除？

由神經末梢再回收（re-uptake） 被突觸後細胞所含之酵素分解

進入血液循環後由肝臟清除被突觸後細胞再回收

A

突觸後細胞= POSTSYNAPTIC CELL

氫離子 HYDROGEN ION

Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn.^[1] Its effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate from the centroacinar cells of the pancreas as well as intercalated ducts. It is notable for being the first hormone to be identified. In humans, the secretin peptide is encoded by theSCT gene.^[2][3]

Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is a serine protease found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyses proteins.^[2][3] Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as the inactive proenzyme trypsinogen

Aminopeptidase is a zinc-dependent enzyme produced and secreted by glands of the small intestine. It helps the enzymatic digestion of proteins.

NOTE: SIMILAR FUNCTION BUT DIFFERENT SITE OF PRODUCTION

純水清除率: FREE WATER CLEARANCE

In the physiology of the kidney, free water clearance (C_H2O) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of solute-free water per unit time. An example of its use is in the determination of an individual's state of hydration

At its simplest, the kidney produces urine composed of solute and pure (solute-free) water. How rapidly the kidney clears the blood plasma of a substance (be it water or solute) is therenal clearance, which is related to the rate of urine production. The rate at which plasma is cleared of solute is the osmolal clearance; the rate at which plasma is cleared of solute-free water is the free water clearance.

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For example, for an individual with a urine osmolality of 140 mOsm/L, plasma osmolality of 280 mOsm/L, and a urine production of 4 ml/min, the free water clearance is 2 ml/min, obtained from

RULE: CH20 NEGATIVE: WATER DEFICIT STATE

IF POSITIVE: WATER ABUNDANT STATE

NOTE THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY TEMPERATURE WITH PROGESTERONE

28 鐵硫蛋白（iron-sulfur protein）為一種電子傳遞蛋白質，下列相關敘述何者不正確？

屬於non-heme iron protein

其鐵硫簇（iron-sulfur cluster）的配體（ligand）大多是cysteine

 Rieske protein 屬於此類的蛋白

有3Fe-3S cluster ( THIS IS WRONG: 2-2, 4-4, 3-4 ONLY)

Iron-sulfur protein

Contents [hide] 1 Structural motifs 1.1 2Fe-2S clusters 1.2 4Fe-4S clusters 1.3 3Fe-4S clusters 1.4 Other Fe-S clusters

The Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ADP/ATP carrier) is an antiporter that catalyzes exchange of ADP for ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Indole-3-acetic acid

Synthesis

IAA is predominantly produced in cells of the apex (bud) and very young leaves of a plant. Plants can synthesize IAA by several independent biosynthetic pathways, four of them starts from tryptophan, but there is also biosynthetic pathway independent on tryptophan

A salvage pathway is a pathway in which nucleotides (purine and pyrimidine) are synthesized from intermediates in the degradative pathway for nucleotides.

Salvage pathways are used to recover bases and nucleosides that are formed during degradation of RNA and DNA. This is important in some organs because some tissues cannot undergo de novo synthesis.

The salvaged bases and nucleosides can then be converted back into nucleotides.

De novo synthesis refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to their being recycled after partial degradation.

32 下列對於嘌呤類的“salvage pathway”敘述，何者為非？

嘌呤可以再利用的過程

它比“de novo pathway”消耗更多的ATP

 adenosine kinase 是屬於嘌呤類salvage pathway 的重要酵素

嘌呤salvage pathway 中的Inosine 5’-monophosphate 是由hypoxanthine 所產生

ANS B

33 acetyl CoA carboxylase 所催化之反應，為脂肪酸合成途徑的關鍵步驟（committed step），下列何者

為此酵素之變構活化物（allosteric activator）？

 palmitoyl CoA  AMP  NADPH  citrate

ANS D

Tay–Sachs disease (abbreviated TSD, also known as GM2 gangliosidosis or Hexosaminidase A deficiency) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder.