Aspartate transaminase (AST), also called aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT/ASAT/AAT) or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme

NOTE THE PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE

palmitic acid has 16 C
beta oxidation will give 8acetylcoA,7 NADH and 7FADH2
8AcetylCoA will yield--->24 NADH+8FADH2+8GTP(kreb's cycle)
1 NADH yields 3 ATPs
1 FADH2 gives 2 ATPs
(7+24)=31NADH; ( 7 + 8 )=15 FADH2;8GTP
total ATP=31*3+15*2+8=131
2 ATPs r used to activate palmitate to palmitoyl coA==>net ATP=131-2 =129

Trimetaphan camsilate (INN) or trimethaphan camsylate (USAN), trade name Arfonad, is a drug that counteracts cholinergictransmission at the ganglion type of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. It acts as a non-depolarizing competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholinereceptor, is short-acting, and is given intravenously.

Therapeutic uses

The therapeutic uses of trimetaphan are very limited due to the competition from newer drugs that are more selective in their actions and effects produced. It is occasionally used to treat a hypertensive crisis and dissecting aortic aneurysm, to treat pulmonary edema, and to reduce bleeding during neurosurgery.

Montelukast (trade names Singulair and Montelo-10) is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the maintenance treatment ofasthma and to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies.

Zileuton (trade name ZYFLO) is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes (LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄) formation. Zileuton is used for the maintenance treatment of asthma.

METHOTREXATE: DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR

Fluorouracil (5-FU or f5U) (sold under the brand names Adrucil, Carac, Efudix, Efudex and Fluoroplex) is a drug that is a pyrimidine analog which is used in the treatment of cancer. It is a suicide inhibitor and works through irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthase. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. It is typically administered with leucovorin.

Cancers

PTEN is one of the most commonly lost tumor suppressors in human cancer. During tumor development, mutations and deletions of PTEN occur that inactivate its enzymatic activity leading to increased cell proliferation and reduced cell death. Frequent genetic inactivation of PTEN occurs in glioblastoma, endometrial cancer, and prostate cancer; and reduced expression is found in many other tumor types such as lung and breast cancer.

BRCA1 ( /ˈbrækə/;^[1] breast cancer 1, early onset) is a human caretaker gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein

BRCA2 (Breast Cancer 2 susceptibility protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA2 gene

Ground glass hepatocyte

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Micrograph showing ground glass hepatocytes. H&E stain.

In liver pathology, a ground glass hepatocyte, abbreviated GGH, is a liver parenchymal cell with a flat hazy and uniformly dull appearing cytoplasm on light microscopy. The cytoplasm's granular homogeneous eosinophilic staining is caused by the presence of HBsAg.

The appearance is classically associated with abundant hepatitis B antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum, but may also be drug-induced.^[1][2] In the context of hepatitis B, GGHs are only seen in chronic infections, i.e. they are not seen in acute hepatitis B.

NORMAL WEIGHT BRAIN ADULT: 1300 -1400 G

Myeloperoxidase

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Myeloperoxidase
Myeloperoxidase drawn from PDB 1D7W.
[show]Available structures
Identifiers
Symbols	MPO;
External IDs	OMIM: 606989 MGI: 97137 HomoloGene: 55450GeneCards: MPO Gene
EC number	1.11.2.2
[show]Gene Ontology
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4353	17523
Ensembl	ENSG00000005381	ENSMUSG00000009350
UniProt	P05164	Q571G0
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000250.1	NM_010824.2
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000241.1	NP_034954.2
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 56.35 - 56.36 Mb	Chr 11: 87.61 - 87.62 Mb
PubMedsearch	[1]	[2]

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme (EC 1.11.1.7) most abundantly present in neutrophil granulocytes (a subtype ofwhite blood cells). It is a lysosomal protein stored in azurophilic granules of the neutrophil. MPO has a heme pigment, which causes its green color in secretions rich in neutrophils, such as pus and some forms of mucus.

Function

MPO produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and chloride anion (Cl^-) (or the equivalent from a non-chlorine halide) during the neutrophil's respiratory burst. It requires heme as a cofactor. Furthermore, it oxidizes tyrosineto tyrosyl radical using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent.^[2]

Hypochlorous acid and tyrosyl radical are cytotoxic, so they are used by the neutrophil to kill bacteria and other pathogens.

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