2 下列有關Basal ganglia 的神經訊息傳導之敘述，何者正確？

 Corpus striatum（包含caudate 與putamen）為接收來自cerebral cortex 的運動計畫訊息之主要結構

 Substantia nigra 為接收來自cerebral cortex 的運動計畫訊息之主要結構

 Globus pallidus 為接收來自cerebral cortex 的運動計畫訊息之主要結構

 Basal ganglia 的傳出訊息由caudate 發出，傳入thalamus，再由thalamus 傳至cerebral cortex 的運動區

ans A

The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Pathology

Neoplasms including:

• Pheochromocytoma (most common), a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
• Neuroblastoma, a neuroendocrine tumor of any neural crest tissue of the sympathetic nervous system
• Ganglioneuroma, a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system

the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production ofmineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis.

Layer Name Primary produc

tMost superficial cortical layer zona glomerulosa mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)

Middle cortical layer zona fasciculataglucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

Deepest cortical layer zona reticularis weak androgens fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff(e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone, adrenosterone)

brainbridge reflex: atrial reflex!!!!

Control of heart rate

The Bainbridge reflex and the baroreceptor reflex act antagonistically to control heart rate. The baroreceptor reflex acts to increase heart rate when blood pressure drops. When blood volume is increased, the Bainbridge reflex is dominant; when blood volume is decreased, the baroreceptor reflex is dominant. The Bainbridge reflex is seen in dogs, but experiment has shown that it is not as significant in primates. There is evidence, however, that the Bainbridge reflex does occur in humans, as in after delivery of an infant when a large volume (up to 800 mL) of uteroplacental blood is put back into the mother's circulation, resulting in tachycardia.

16 當病患使用滲透性利尿劑（osmotic diuretic）後，下列敘述何者正確？

因改變血液的滲透度抑制抗利尿激素分泌，而產生利尿

因改變尿液的滲透度抑制醛酮素的作用，而產生利尿

尿液的滲透度將因尿中溶質增加，而變的較血漿高許多

尿液的滲透度將趨近於血漿

ans D

the osmosis is in the tubules!!!

17 下列那兩種荷爾蒙之間的分泌屬於正迴饋調控？

副甲狀腺素與降鈣素

排卵前動情素（estrogen）與促黃體素（LH）

助孕酮（progesterone）與促濾泡素（FSH）

皮質醇（cortisol）與促腎上腺皮質素（ACTH）

ans B