53 Ladd’s procedure與下列何者有關？

腸轉位異常（malrotation of midgut） 胃食道逆流（gastroesophageal reflux）

肥厚性幽門阻塞（hypertrophic pyloric stenosis） 十二指腸閉鎖（duodenal atresia）a

a

The Ladd's procedure is the gold standard for treatment of intestinal malrotation

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59 依Anderson and D'Alonzo分類，下列那一種齒狀突骨折（odontoid fracture）最容易發生接合不全（non-union）？

type I type II type III type IV

b

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1267150-overview

• Type I fracture
  • A type I fracture (less than 5% of cases) is an oblique fracture through the upper part of the odontoid process.
  • This type of fracture occasionally is associated with gross instability due to traction forces applied to, and subsequent injury of, the apical and/or alar ligaments.
  • This is an avulsion injury to the tip of the odontoid and usually is stable.
• Type II fracture: A type II fracture (more than 60% of cases) is a fracture occurring at the base of the odontoid as it attaches to the body of C2 (see Image below and Image 1 in Multimedia).
  
  

  

  Odontoid type II fracture

• Type III fracture
  • A type III fracture (30% of cases) occurs when the fracture line extends through the body of the axis.
  • The fracture line can extend laterally into the superior articular facet for the atlas.
• Another type of odontoid process fracture is a vertical fracture through the odontoid process and body of the axis (less than 5% of cases). This type of fracture often is considered a variant of a traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2, which is discussed below.